Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm diluents (los yog fillers) yog kom nce qhov hnyav lossis ntim ntawm cov ntsiav tshuaj, yog li ua kom yooj yim rau cov ntsiav tshuaj. Feem ntau siv cov fillers muaj xws li starches, suab thaj, cellulose compounds, thiab inorganic ntsev. Vim muaj cov yam ntxwv xws li cov txheej txheem ntsiav tshuaj thiab cov khoom tsim, cov ntsiav tshuaj diameters feem ntau tsis tsawg dua 6 hli, thiab cov ntsiav tshuaj hnyav feem ntau siab dua 100 mg. Yog tias cov khoom xyaw nquag hauv ib ntsiav tshuaj tsuas yog ob peb milligrams lossis kaum milligrams, nws yuav tsis tuaj yeem tsim cov ntsiav tshuaj yam tsis tau ntxiv cov muab tub lim tsim nyog. Yog li ntawd, diluents ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev nce ntim thiab pab tsim cov ntsiav tshuaj.
1. Starch: Pob kws hmoov txhuv nplej siab feem ntau siv. Nws ruaj khov heev, tsis hnov mob nrog cov tshuaj feem ntau, kuj pheej yig, tsis tshua muaj hygroscopicity, thiab zoo li zoo. Hauv kev tsim khoom tiag tiag, nws feem ntau siv nrog cov hmoov qab zib los yog dextrin, uas muaj compressibility zoo dua. Qhov no yog vim hmoov txhuv nplej siab tsis zoo compressibility; yog siv ib leeg, nws yuav ua rau cov ntsiav tshuaj uas xoob dhau lawm.
2. Powdered Qab Zib: Cov hmoov qab zib yog hais txog cov hmoov dawb uas tau txais los ntawm qis- kub kom qhuav thiab pulverizing crystalline sucrose. Nws qhov zoo muaj xws li muaj zog khi lub zog, uas tuaj yeem ua rau cov tawv tawv ntawm cov ntsiav tshuaj thiab ua rau lawv qhov chaw du thiab zoo nkauj. Nws qhov tsis zoo muaj xws li siab hygroscopicity; ntev - lub sij hawm cia tuaj yeem ua rau cov ntsiav tshuaj ua nyuaj heev, ua rau kev tawg lossis tawg nyuaj. Tsuas yog cov tshuaj lozenges lossis cov ntsiav tshuaj soluble, nws feem ntau tsis siv ib leeg thiab feem ntau siv nrog dextrin thiab hmoov txhuv nplej siab.
3. Dextrin: Dextrin yog ib lo lus dav dav rau cov khoom nruab nrab ntawm cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab hydrolysis. Nws cov tshuaj formula yog (C6H10O5)n·XH2O. Nws cov dej- cov ntsiab lus soluble yog kwv yees li 80%. Nws dissolves maj mam hauv dej txias, yooj yim soluble hauv dej kub, thiab yog insoluble hauv ethanol. Nws kuj yog feem ntau hu ua siab -viscosity dextrin, txhais tau tias nws muaj zog binding zog. Kev siv tsis raug yuav ua rau pitting, watermarks, los yog ntsiav tshuaj disintegration thiab qeeb dissolution. Ib yam li ntawd, yog tias qhov kev rho tawm tsis tau tag nrho pulverized thaum lub sij hawm txiav txim siab cov ntsiab lus, nws yuav cuam tshuam qhov raug thiab rov tsim dua ntawm cov txiaj ntsig. Yog li ntawd, dextrin tsis tshua muaj siv nyob rau hauv ib leeg nyob rau hauv ntau ntau raws li ib tug muab tub lim; nws feem ntau yog siv ua ke nrog hmoov qab zib thiab hmoov txhuv nplej siab.
4. Lactose: Lactose yog cov ntsiav tshuaj zoo tshaj plaws, muab rho tawm los ntawm bovine whey. Nws yog dav siv txawv teb chaws, tab sis nws daim ntawv thov raug txwv nyob rau hauv Suav teb vim nws tus nqi siab. Crystalline lactose muaj ib molecule dej (ie, -hydrated lactose) feem ntau yog siv; nws tsis yog -hygroscopic, muaj compressibility zoo, yog ruaj khov, thiab tsis chemically react nrog cov tshuaj feem ntau, ua rau cov ntsiav tshuaj du thiab zoo nkauj. Lactose uas ua los ntawm cov tshuaj tsuag kom qhuav yog tsis yog -crystalline lactose, uas muaj cov flowability zoo thiab compressibility, thiab tuaj yeem ncaj qha los ntawm cov hmoov rau hauv cov ntsiav tshuaj.
5. Compressible Starch: Kuj hu ua pregelatinized starch, qhov no yog ib qho tshuaj tshiab. Nws muaj nyob rau hauv pharmacopoeias ntawm UK, USA, Nyiv, thiab Tuam Tshoj. kuv lub teb chaws ntse tsim nws nyob rau hauv 1988, thiab nws yog tam sim no dav muaj nyob rau hauv lub lag luam. Hauv tsev tsim cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab yog cov khoom ua ntej pregelatinized (tag nrho cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab pregelatinized tseem hu ua - cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab), piv rau Starch RX1500 los ntawm Colorcon. Cov khoom no yog ib tug multifunctional excipient, yuav siv tau raws li ib tug muab tub lim, thiab muaj zoo flowability, compressibility, nws tus kheej -lubrication, thiab qhuav binding zog, raws li zoo raws li zoo disintegration zog. Thaum siv rau kev sib txuas ncaj qha ntawm cov hmoov, tus nqi ntawm magnesium stearate yuav tsum tsis pub tshaj 0.5% kom tsis txhob muaj cov nyhuv softening.
6. Microcrystalline Cellulose: Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) yog crystalline cellulose nrog ib tug tsawg℃ntawm polymerization tau los ntawm ib nrab hydrolysis ntawm cellulose. Nws muaj compressibility zoo, muaj zog binding quab yuam, thiab tsim cov ntsiav tshuaj nrog siab hardness. Nws tuaj yeem siv los ua "cov ntaub ntawv qhuav" rau kev sib xyaw ntawm cov hmoov. Cov khoom txawv teb chaws yog ua lag luam raws li Avicel thiab tuaj nyob rau hauv ntau yam specifications nyob ntawm seb qhov luaj li cas. Hauv tsev tsim microcrystalline cellulose yog dav siv nyob rau hauv Suav teb, tab sis nws cov khoom zoo xav tau kev txhim kho ntxiv, thiab cov khoom lag luam yuav tsum tau nthuav dav. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov ntsiav tshuaj muaj 20% microcrystalline cellulose pom zoo kom tawg.
7. Inorganic Salts: Cov no feem ntau suav nrog inorganic calcium ntsev xws li calcium sulfate, calcium hydrogen phosphate, thiab kws tshuaj -qib calcium carbonate (tau los ntawm nag lossis daus, los yog precipitated calcium carbonate). Calcium sulfate feem ntau siv; nws ruaj khov, tsis muaj ntxhiab, tsis qab, me ntsis soluble hauv dej, thiab sib xws nrog ntau yam tshuaj. Cov ntsiav tshuaj ua los ntawm nws muaj ib tug du tsos, zoo hardness thiab disintegration, thiab tsis muaj tshuaj adsorption. Calcium sulfate dihydrate feem ntau yog siv los ua ib qho ntxiv hauv cov ntsiav tshuaj. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias calcium sulfate cuam tshuam nrog kev nqus ntawm qee yam tshuaj siv tshuaj (tetracyclines), thiab yuav tsum tsis txhob siv rau hauv cov xwm txheej no.
8. Mannitol: Mannitol yog nyob rau hauv granular los yog hmoov daim ntawv. Nws absorbs cua sov thaum nws yaj nyob rau hauv lub qhov ncauj, yog li muab ib tug txias txias. Nws kuj muaj qee yam qab zib thiab tsis tawm hauv lub qhov ncauj. Yog li ntawd, nws yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev npaj cov ntsiav tshuaj chewable, tab sis nws yog me ntsis kim dua thiab feem ntau siv ua ke nrog sucrose.